Barack Obama Speech in Cairo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Barack Obama Speech in Cairo - Essay Example In a lady discourse conveyed in Cairo University on 6 April 2009, he tended to savage radicalism, Israel and Palestine war, atomic weapons, majority rule government, ladies' privileges and financial development. He attested that the West and Islam should begin going up against these issues. This paper will just concentrate on the issue of vicious fanaticism in America. It will clarify why the issue is important to me and break down the declarations Obama made about the issue and the proof he provides for help those affirmations. I accept that the issue of rough fanaticism is extremely critical in this unique situation. America is apparently the most majority rule nation on the planet subject to its race and religion decent variety. Before this discourse, strain between the United States and Muslims around the globe had been ascending for a considerable length of time. Islam and the West had connections damaged by collaboration just as clashes. While the West encouraged modernizatio n and globalization, the Muslim countries see the West goes about as disparaging to the Islam customs. Therefore, Muslims execute viciousness against the Americans slaughtering Muslims, Christians, and honest individuals however America. Furthermore, America in its entitlement to opportunity of love incorporates the two Muslims and Christians. Truth be told, Obama himself admits the Muslim confidence however his mom was a Christian and his dad a Muslim. In fact, this is by all accounts a war among America and the Muslim. Obama being the leader of America, having admitted Muslim, and Egypt being a Muslim country he is in a repudiating position to address this issue. Subsequently, this issue is overbearing over the others. Obama attests that America has never been, isn't, and will never be at war with Islam. He affirms that simply like some other country and confidence, America just rejects the murdering of blameless men, ladies, and kids. He contends that even Muslims can't excuse su ch killings as the Quran precludes them. He additionally perceives the expressions of the second President of the United States, John Adams who announced that, America has no character of animosity against the laws, religion, or peacefulness of Muslims (USA Today Web). In any case, he sees that it is his and other willing partner’s obligation to stand up to brutal fanatics for American and world security. He additionally affirms that American has shown its objectives and mission for solidarity in battling the brutal radicals in Afghanistan. To this attestation, he reminds the crowd that the United States had worldwide help in seeking after al Qaeda and the Taliban. Truth be told, an alliance of 46 nations was in the interest (USA Today Web). Moreover, he states that America was legitimized to wander in that interest. He portrays that Al Qaeda murdered almost 3,000 blameless individuals from all countries on the September 11 assault with a promise to keep propelling more killi ngs. Undoubtedly, these assaults have made a few Americans to see Islam as an unavoidably unfriendly lifestyle to all. Accordingly, he contends that it was not out of the question for America, with the help of the global network, to seek after them with a point of carrying equity to the people in question and forestall more assaults. He anyway declares that America won't save its soldiers in Afghanistan for quite a while. He gives that the interest has been expensive, caused numerous losses, and is politically hard to oversee.

Advantages of Living in a Modern Family Essay Example For Students

Points of interest of Living in a Modern Family Essay Present day Family Nowadays, it appears that the customary family structure is vanishing and the cutting edge family is supplanting it. The family used to be framed by the grandparents, the guardians, their siblings and sisters and their children, living respectively in a similar house, however now the family unit shaped by the dad, the mother and their youngsters, live in a solitary house without the remainder of the family (â€Å"Nuclear Family†). I accept that a portion of the benefits of living in an advanced family are: instructive opportunity, autonomy of every relative and the free decision in choosing marriage accomplices. In a cutting edge family, the two people could have more opportunity to pick their instructive profession. For instance, in the wake of moving on from secondary school, they can choose to proceed with their instruction or not. Some can decide to go to a University in the United States and live nearby, while others can decide to concentrate abroad. Whichever choice they make, the guardians would be steady. Despite what might be expected, before, guardians could prevent their children from going to class and would drive them to work, for instance, in the perusing â€Å"Traditional versus Present day Family,† Wan L. Lam clarifies how her granddad prevented her dad from going to secondary school and constrained him to work in ivory mold (168). Before, guardians could likewise make their kids to go into a profession, without mindful on the off chance that they loved it or not, and they could even prevent them from concentrating abroad. Another favorable position of living in a cutting edge family is that every part is free, ready to work and accommodate themselves. The two guardians share the costs, accommodate the family, and furthermore shares duties, for example, doing errands at home and dealing with the youngsters. The more established kids likewise can work and help guardians with their own costs. Before, kids were extremely reliant on their folks and were consistently at home with the mother dealing with them, while the dad was grinding away and was the main money related supplier. Despite what might be expected, these days, as Papa Aly Naw states in the paper â€Å"Traditional Family and Modern Society in Africa,† both mother and father need to go outside to work and kids are â€Å"left to themselves and without supervision,† (173) having now more opportunity, figuring out how to carry on and control themselves and taking their own choices. This essayist additionally says that as a result of the mother isn't home during the day, youngsters â€Å"spend quite a bit of their time choosing for themselves,† (Ndaw 173), letting them grow up, become progressively autonomous and having the chance to build up their own enthusiasm forever. Another bit of leeway of living in a cutting edge family is that there is more opportunity to pick who we would wed. It permits today’s couples to wed by their own will and not in light of intrigue. This additionally makes their relationship all the more mindful and hotter, and in the event that they have any kids, it would be a direct result of affection. In actuality, previously, guardians would constrain their children to wed for premium, particularly to somebody amazing and rich, notwithstanding on the off chance that they enjoyed them or not. Be that as it may, presently, relationships are extraordinary, the greater part of individuals can pick whoever they need to wed, for instance my more seasoned sister picked unreservedly her accomplice and got hitched in view of adoration, and my folks bolstered her choice. Despite the fact that I lean toward living in an advanced family than living in a customary one, here and there I feel that my family needs to recoup a few qualities from the conventional family structure, extraordinarily the correspondence between individuals. I feel that my family doesn't get to know one another, and we have to figure out how to discover time to share encounters, and do it without influencing our bustling calendars. In any case, I despite everything accept that is essential to have decent training, be autonomous and have the opportunity to settle on our own choices, we additionally need to keep more in contact with our family and not disregard some customary family esteems. .ue2159e667afae985cc334f6e590a08cb , .ue2159e667afae985cc334f6e590a08cb .postImageUrl , .ue2159e667afae985cc334f6e590a08cb .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .ue2159e667afae985cc334f6e590a08cb , .ue2159e667afae985cc334f6e590a08cb:hover , .ue2159e667afae985cc334f6e590a08cb:visited , .ue2159e667afae985cc334f6e590a08cb:active { border:0!important; } .ue2159e667afae985cc334f6e590a08cb .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ue2159e667afae985cc334f6e590a08cb { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ue2159e667afae985cc334f6e590a08cb:active , .ue2159e667afae985cc334f6e590a08cb:hover { darkness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ue2159e667afae985cc334f6e590a08cb .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .ue2159e667afae985cc334f6e590a08cb .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content embellishment: underline; } .ue2159e667afae985cc334f6e590a08cb .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ue2159e667afae985cc334f6e590a08cb .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enrichment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue2159e667afae985cc334f6e590a08cb:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ue2159e667afae985cc 334f6e590a08cb .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ue2159e667afae985cc334f6e590a08cb-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ue2159e667afae985cc334f6e590a08cb:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Artificial Intelligence EssayWork Cited Lam, Wan L. â€Å"Traditional versus Present day Family† In Our Own Words: Student Writers at Work. Ed. Rebecca Mlynarczyk and Steven B. Haber. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. 168-169. Ndaw, Papa Aly. â€Å"Traditional Family and Modern Society in Africa† In Our Own Words: Student Writers at Work. Ed. Rebecca Mlynarczyk and Steven B. Haber. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. 171-173. â€Å"Nuclear Family. † Wikipedia. 2010. 25 April 2010 .

Easy Tips on How to Write on the Paper

Easy Tips on How to Write on the PaperHow to write on the paper is a question that many people ask. This is a question that does not have an easy answer, and people often search for one or more methods of how to write on the paper to get the right answer. There are many things that you can do to make sure that you write effectively on the paper, but some things that you should really know about. In this article I will cover some simple tips that you can follow to help you in your efforts to write on the paper.If you are learning how to write on the paper, it is good to look at some samples of how others write on the paper. The best way to get good ideas on how to write on the paper is to actually look at a sample. You should look at a few different samples of what others have written to see what type of style they use. By looking at samples you will be able to learn how to write on the paper in a way that makes sense to you.It is important to practice your writing. This is the first step in learning how to write on the paper. Writing on the paper is not difficult, but you will get better with practice and practicing will help you in several areas. Writing on the paper properly will take you longer to read because you will be able to get the message across more clearly.Your spelling and grammar are important when it comes to writing on the paper. If you are going to present yourself as an expert in your field, you need to have proper spelling and grammar on your resume and in your letters. These skills will come back to you and help to improve your future chances of getting a job.Use your native language as much as possible when writing on the paper. Using your native language when writing on the paper will help you express yourself clearly and will show other people that you care about other people's culture. This will also be great for people who are learning how to write on the paper.Learning how to write on the paper is not all that difficult, but there are some things that you need to do to make sure that you get it right. If you want to have a clear and accurate way of writing on the paper, make sure that you follow these tips. Most importantly, you need to make sure that you do not leave anything out and that you pay attention to detail.There are so many things that you can do to ensure that you write on the paper in a way that is clear and to the point. You can use samples of other people's writing and learn how to write on the paper the right way by watching how others write.These are just a few tips on how to learn how to write on the paper correctly. If you follow these tips, you should be able to learn how to write on the paper the right way.

Transformational Leadership And Leadership Theory Essay

Transformational Leadership Theory was introduced in 1978 by political sociologist James Mac Gregor Burns and expanded by industrial psychologist Dr. Bernard Bass. In this theory, Burns differentiated two styles of leadership: transformational leadership and transactional leadership. In transformational leadership, it is a process where both the leaders and the followers elevate motivation and morality. The transformational leaders pay attention to the needs and motives of followers and help them achieve their fullest potential. They influence their followers’ behaviors by appealing to the ideas and values and enhance the followers’ commitment to their vision. transformational leaders exhibit behaviors which include idealized influence wherein the leader serves as the role model for followers; inspirational motivation – leader inspires and motivates followers representing the leader’s charisma; individualized consideration- leader displays concerns for t he needs and feelings of others which brings out the bringing out the follower’s best efforts and; and intellectual stimulation – the leader challenges followers to be creative and innovative. In transactional leadership, leader focuses on reward and punishment to achieve compliance from followers. For many reasons, transformational leadership is important because it transforms group members into individuals who excel beyond their own self-interests for the sake of the group or institution. Transformational leaders commitShow MoreRelatedLeadership Theories : Transformational Leadership2251 Words   |  10 Pagesfrom the different theories of Leadership, I found Transformational Leadership the best theory to identify with. Before going further with this theory, I want to state the most accurate Leadership definition for me. Leadership is a development of social influence and an exchange of values, behaviors, and power delegation between leaders and followers, where leaders maximizes efforts of the followers to achieve a collective goal (Kruse, 2013). Moreover, Scholars has divided leadership into different areasRead MoreLeadership Theories Of Transformational Leadership4045 Words   |  17 PagesA1. Leadership Theories As the CEO of Zappos.com, an online retailer that specializes in the sale of shoes, Tony Hsieh has seen the company grow from a struggling start up to a billion dollar business. Because of his leadership, Zappos.com was listed as 86 on Fortune Magazine’s list of best companies to work for in 2015. Hsieh’s method of leadership was analyzed against the common theories of leadership and it was found that transformational leadership was the most closely aligned with Hsieh’s approachRead MoreThe Theory Of Transformational Leadership Essay3267 Words   |  14 PagesBass (Bass Steidlmeier, 1999) condenses many of the criticisms of transformational leaders, stating that they risk succumbing to the temptation of self-promotion, since the process sometimes revolves around impression management, or controlling the flow of information to influence people’s perceptions. He purports that this is incompatible to the maturation of collaboration, consensus-building and participative decision-making, and adds that self-promotion and a focus on self-interests can shiftRead MoreTransformational Leadership Theory : Transformational Theory873 Words   |  4 PagesTransformational Leadership Theory As stated by Northouse (2013) transformational leadership is the process whereby a person engages with others and creates a connection that raises the level of motivation and morality in both the leader and the follower (p. 186). The transformational leadership theory focused on bringing about organizational change through the motivation and inclusion of it s employees. Transformational leaders attempted to bring about that change in the organization by changingRead MoreThe Theory Of Transformational Leadership1519 Words   |  7 PagesThe theory of transformational leadership is compelling and exciting. In our text, Leadership: A Communication Perspective, we read that the idea of transformational leadership was developed into a theory in the 1970’s by James MacGregor Burns; Burns saw transformational leadership as a more â€Å"complex and potent† form of management than mere transactional leadership (Hackman Johnson, 2013). Transactional leadership simply offers a t raditional model of leading and following. Within this model, leadersRead MoreTransformational Leadership Theory : The Transformational Theory1280 Words   |  6 PagesThe transformational leadership theory was initially introduced by Burns (1978). Burns (1978) observed the characteristics of various leaders. The transformational theory is centered on the links formed amongst leaders and followers. The transformational leadership theory assumes that people will follow a leader who inspires them, and that a leader with a vision and passion can achieve great things. Also, the transformational leadership theory noted that the way leaders get things done is by showingRead MoreTransformational Leadership And Authentic Leadership Theories1598 Words   |  7 PagesTheories Out of all the different leadership theories I learned about this semester I really feel that I best relate to transformational leadership and authentic leadership theories. During the development of my personal theory I found that these theories tended to list many similar traits, and values that aligned with my own. Additionally, both authentic and transformative theories place a significant amount of emphasis on the relationship between the leader and her/his followers. The success andRead MoreLeadership Theory : Transformational And Transactional Leadership Theories1137 Words   |  5 Pagesvarious theories appeared in literature on situational leadership. In some instances, situational leadership is part of a broader theory and vice versa. Related theories include transformational and transactional leadership, contingency theory, path-goal theory, and personality theories. Life Cycle Theory was not included since situational leadership originated from Life Cycle Theory. Transformational and Transactional Leadership Theories According to McCleskey (2014), transformational leadershipRead MoreLeadership Theories: Transformational Leadership Essay1547 Words   |  7 PagesDescribe the role of leadership types within teams. What are some of the primary reasons teams fail? What can be done to ensure team success? Give a personal example of team success. Support your discussion with appropriate leadership theories that apply. Transformational Leadership can play a role in creating a successful team. It can also be the process that changes and transforms people dealing with emotions, values, ethics, and standards. Transformational Leadership is the process wherebyRead MoreThe Leadership Theory And Transformational Theory1482 Words   |  6 Pagesexecutive, it is important to know these traits and leadership styles in order to be successful in the business and medical world. There are a number of different leadership theories, models, and styles that could be useful towards becoming a successful leader. The situational theory, contingency theory, and transformational theory are the three leadership theories that stand out the most to me. As a future healthcare executive, shadowing these leadership approaches will help me become the successful

The Lamb vs. The Tyger By William Blake Essay - 1081 Words

In this essay I am going to be looking at two poems from the Songs of innocence and experience works. These poems are The Lamb and The Tyger written by William Blake. Both these poems have many underlying meanings and are cryptic in ways and both poems are very different to each other. In this essay I will be analysing the two poems, showing my opinions of the underlying themes and backing them up with quotes from the poems. I will compare the poems looking at the similarities and differences between them and also look at each one individually focusing on the imagery, structure and the poetic devices William Blake has used. Firstly I will look at the Tyger a poem about experience. The first thing that strikes me about this poem is the†¦show more content†¦The first stanza paints a picture of a dark forest at night with a fire and a tyger running through the forest, here the writer is using his artistic skills to create a picture in the readers mind. The first stanza asks who could make such evil in the world as a rhetorical question, I say this as you fear evil and the last line says â€Å"Could frame thy fearful symmetry† also â€Å"what immortal hand or eye† shows that something that never dies must have made evil, this being God. The second stanza ask who dares make this evil and why have they made this evil as another rhetorical question, I say this as the last line again has an important quote â€Å"what the hand dare seize the fire ?† The poem then go’s on to question this evil more and asks many questions but doesn’t find any answers. But why is the poem about experience ? The poem shows it is about experience with the consistent structure and rhyming pattern as well as the vocabulary used, the poem talks about how it is hard to gain, comparing it to a fire. Put your hand in a fire and you are likely to get burnt. The poem talks about life at the time it was written, with the industrial revolution and jobs s uch as blacksmiths mentioned (â€Å"anvil† â€Å"hammer†) and also relates to the other poem I am going to be writing about, The Lamb. The Tyger is hard to understand at first with many underlying tones and hidden meanings, the poem is well structured and writtenShow MoreRelatedWilliam Blake s The Lamb And The Tyger1473 Words   |  6 PagesWhile Blake’s â€Å"The Lamb† and â€Å"The Tyger† contrast each other as the innocence and experiences that happen in the world, they also reflect on how our Creator could create such evil and purity in the same world. The same of Wordsworth’s representation of his past self vs. his present self, both are necessary to understand â€Å"the life of things† more deeply. Innocence is the foundation upon which experience is built meaning that experience and tragic parts of life start from the innocence of a personRead MoreEssay about Comparision of Wordsworth and Blakes Poems1523 Words   |  7 Page sAuthors, William Wordsworth and William Blake convey different messages and themes in their poems, â€Å"The World is Too Much with Us† and â€Å"The Tyger† consecutively by using the different mechanics one needs to create poetry. Both poems are closely related since they portray different aspects of society but the message remains different. Wordsworth’s poem describes a conflict between nature and humanity, while Blake’s poem issues God’s creations of completely different creatures. In â€Å"The World is TooRead MoreReading Between the Lines Essays914 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Blake’s poem â€Å"The Lamb† is a simplistic poem until you read deeper into it and find a powerful and uplifting religious message about creation. Blake is able to draw people into his poem by having a young innocent child as the speaker, asking rhetorical questions to a lamb. Although he also throws irony into the second stanza by having the young ch ild answer his own questions, asked in the first stanza. The poem has a tone so sweet and soft that it is not offensive in any means and is notRead MoreAnalysis Of Daffodils By William Wordsworth2381 Words   |  10 Pagesartists and poets and authors of the time began to create works filled with passion and emotion and all interpreted from the themes within nature. During this period, authors and artists alike found inspiration in things such as flowers, for example William Wordsworth’s classic entitled ‘daffodils’. In his poem he talks about seeing daffodils â€Å"flash upon that inward eye† (Wordsworth, Daffodils, 1815) when in â€Å"vacant or in pensive mood† meaning that he was preoccupied by his love for nature and that it

Death Penalty in the State of Kansas Free Essays

The Death Penalty issue has been a grave controversy especially in our contemporary society, not only in U.S. but also in Europe. We will write a custom essay sample on Death Penalty in the State of Kansas or any similar topic only for you Order Now    Unfortunately, resolving the issue is very difficult due to the complexity of the judicial system in the U.S.   State judicial systems must deal with the constitutionality of the state laws as well as their proper applic.   In addition, popular opinion is also a powerful force that may bring about changes on either whether death penalty exists at all or what weight death penalty should have versus life imprisonment without parole. These opinions may be based on religious beliefs, on human rights, on the magnitude of violence of the crimes committed, and the popular need to feel safe from violent assaults, non-homicidal and homicidal rapists, as well as violent homicidal offenders.   Other questions remain: what is the value of deterrence of the death penalty type of sentence?   What is the cost of inmates on death row?   Inmates stay on death row for a while, mainly because most of the times, they are appealing their sentence or waiting for a pardon from the state governor or even the President.   Since Kansas has reestablished the death penalty, these concerns have been of primary interest to the Kansas judicial system and the state residents. Twenty-nine years after the last execution, the state of Kansas reestablished the death penalty sentence in 1994, under SB (Senate Bill) 473 and HB (House Bill) 2578.   SB 473 states that the death penalty is restored in Kansas for first degree murders whereas HB 2578 simply authorizes the death penalty to be reenacted.   Interestingly, in an annual survey of college students across the U.S., students were asked whether they were in favor of death penalty.   In 1969, this survey reported 54% of the students in favor of the abolition of the death sentence, in 1985, it was down to 27%, in 1989 21%, and in 1995 20%. (Bedau, 85) The percentage in 1995 was the lowest and seemed to reflect a trend in young people’s general acceptance of death penalty; remember that Kansas reenacted the sentence in 1994!   Is it a coincidence?   Evidently, popular demands and trends are taken into account in state legislatures; that is the principle of democracy.   The Gallup News service reported on June 1st 2006 that back in 1994, 65% of the entire population of the U.S. favored life without parole whereas in 2006, 80% favored life without parole. Further, they also reported that in 2006, 47% were for the death penalty while 48% were for life without parole. (Newport, Gallup)   Consequently, based on these data, the attitude the American people has gradually changed to favoring life without parole with a 50/50 division over the choice between life without parole and death penalty.   The examination here is that the legality of death penalty is always measured against contemporary standards of morality.   Therefore, the trend that has been observed in the past few years shows that more and more people do not support the death penalty, illustrating a change of views.   (Bedau, 90) Kansas law allows for death penalty but also for life without parole.   According to the 2005 Kansas Death Penalty Guide, the exact description of the crimes punishable by death in Kansas is given in the KSA 21-3439 reenactment as capital murder with 8 aggravating circumstances.   Death is given by lethal injection.   For a life sentence in Kansas, persons who are guilty of capital murder will be jailed for 25-50 years.   The sentence must be served entirely before the individual can be eligible for parole.   There is no good behavior credit. (Kansas, 1) Carlson and Garrett (Carlson, Garrett, 5) give the 3 major sanctions available in the U.S. judicial system, economic penalties, probation, and incarceration, as well as the 4 primary goals of incarceration, deterrence, incapacitation, retribution, and rehabilitation.   The following remarks summarize briefly the position of supporters or opponents of death penalty, respectively.   The death penalty sentence is viewed as a way to deter other criminals from committing crimes, incapacitating the criminal on death row who will pay a retribution for his crimes by his or her death. If someone is on death row, there is a feeling that he or she will not be able to be rehabilitated.   As for life without parole, the long-term incarceration will serve as deterrent for the criminal and others outside; it will incapacitate the criminal while the long sentence without any credit is considered a retribution for the crime.   In this case, there is a feeling that the criminal will be able to be rehabilitated if he or she lives longer than the sentence. (Bedau, 127) This is the basic controversy of death versus life imprisonment. For any death penalty case, that includes Kansas, there is a diversity of factors to be considered to decide whether or not capital cases are pursued.   There are factors that differ for every case, for every state, for every crime committed, and for every inmate whose past may not have been exemplary. (Cassell, Bedau, 118)   In addition, jurors and prosecutors must be sure that death penalty can be applied in the case they are working on. However, the decision process for any juror is still subjective because his or her decision is still dependent upon the strength of the prosecution’s arguments as well as evidence, the degree of certainty that the person is not innocent, the legal defense’s arguments and evidence if any, and the crime committed against the victim and the family.   The judge must follow the case tightly and apply the law in a correct fashion.   However, the interpretation of the law can also be subjective.   Each capital case trial is very hard to go through because it entails numerous problems that can take time to sort out with respect to state laws versus the U.S. Constitution. (Bedau, 183) Interpretation of the law in Kansas has been a source of contentions among supporters for sentencing to death, opponents, and the judicial system.   The main debate is centered on the constitutionality of death penalty and the interpretation of the Constitution.   To concretely illustrate the dispute and its complexity, the case of Kansas vs. Marsh needs to be considered.   The case is the following.   In 1996, Michael Marsh broke into the home of a family with a 19 month-old baby. His goal was to get money to take a trip to Alaska by kidnapping the mother and the child in order to ask for a ransom from the husband and father.   Unfortunately, events turned awful when Marsh panicked, killing the mother by shooting her 3 times in the head, stabbing her twice, and doused her with lighter fluid.   He then set the body on fire, ran away, leaving the baby inside to burn to death.   The mother survived for 6 days in the hospital and died of multiple organ failures.   Marsh was charged with capital murder, first-degree premeditated murder, aggravated arson, and aggravated burglary. A Kansas jury found him guilty on all counts and sentenced him to death for the capital murder of the child.   Marsh appealed his sentence to the Kansas Supreme Court.   The Court found that the Kansas death penalty statute was in fact unconstitutional because in Kansas, there is no â€Å"fundamental fairness† rule.   What this means is that if a criminal is sentenced to death while the aggravating factors of the prosecution equal the mitigating factors of the defense, then by fundamental fairness, the death sentence is nullified.   However, in Kansas, the fundamental fairness rule does not exist. In Marsh’s case, the aggravating factors equaled the mitigating factors as determined by the jury and caused the verdict to stand, based on the jury instructions from the Kansas statute,.   So, the basic question is: is the Kansas death penalty statute upheld when aggravating factors equal mitigating factors and if it is upheld, is it a violation of the Constitution?   The State of Kansas took the case to the U.S Supreme Court in December 1995.   The Supreme Court determined that the statute permits death sentences in the event of a tie between aggravating and mitigating factors. (Mandery, 124) However, the key lies with who has the final burden of proof for outweighing the factors. As a comparison, when there is tie, the death penalty statute in Arizona allows the defendant to reply that the mitigating factors outweigh the aggravating ones and prove it against the prosecution aggravating proof.   In Kansas, the burden is still on the prosecution without any additional actions from the defendant.   Since the prosecution did not prove the mitigating factors outweighed the aggravating factors, the death sentence was overturned.   Justice Souter commented on what he called the â€Å"morally absurd† Kansas death penalty statute that permits a death sentence even if the prosecution has failed to prove that the aggravating factors outweigh the mitigating factors, accusing Kansas law to increase the incidence of death penalty sentences. Justice Scalia wrote a document on his opinion of the case.   Dealing with Justice Souter’s comments, he shamed Souter’s view as regarding the death penalty as â€Å"an undesirable situation.†Ã‚   Additionally, he also pointed out that, even if some of his colleagues disagree with the idea of a death penalty, 38 states do impose the penalty while scrutinizing the verdicts for wrongful executions, implying that death penalty sentences are properly assigned.   Souter’s point was that death penalty is serious enough that it should be reviewed. (Campbell, Star-Telegram) As one can see in the above case, many steps had to be completed to get to the final decision.   So, a very safe assumption is that this trial and associated inmate expenses must have been very high.   One of the chief complaints that Kansas opponents of death penalty have, besides moral or religious reasons, is the cost of the procedures.   They claim that death row cases cost a lot more than life without parole cases.   The money that would be saved should be spent on crime prevention. (Bedau, 91)   Gottfried reports that on average $20,000 is spent on life without parole inmates/year, a third less than for capital cases. (Gottfried, 2002) Kansas is not the only state that reestablished death penalty.   However, it was done in 1994, at a time when many Americans supported capital punishment.   It seems true that support or opposition to the death penalty is a reflection of the contemporary morality views of the public.   It does not look like people support it now.   The U.S. Supreme court seems to agree that this type of punishment should be reviewed, revised or completely eliminated based on moral and legal grounds.   Yet, abolishing death penalty in Kansas because it costs too much is not a very serious and moral reason to do it.   The problem really resides in the application of the laws.   Death penalty may be a way to punish violent criminals but nobody knows how to properly justify using it. Works Cited Bedau HA. The Death Penalty in America: Current Controversies. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. Newport F. (editor) Gallup News Service. â€Å"Death Penalty†. The Gallup Polls Briefing June 1 2006. â€Å"2005 Kansas Death Penalty Guide† Amnesty International USA Kansas State University, Chapter 254 January 10, 2004: 1. November 18, 2006 Carlson PM, Garrett JS. Prison and Jail Administration: Practice and Theories. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 1999. Chassell PG, Bedau HA. Debating the Death Penalty: Should America Have Capital Punishment?. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004. Mandery EJ. Capital Punishment: A Balanced Examination . Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2005. Campbell L. (editor) â€Å"Sounds Like A Sore Winner from Here.† Star-Telegram June 29 2006. Gottfried T. The Death Penalty: Justice or Legalized Murder? Twenty First Century Books, 2002. How to cite Death Penalty in the State of Kansas, Essay examples

Risk Management in Construction Projects

Risk management is currently a core integral process that helps to identify risks and come up with plans to mitigate their effects on projects. In production management, risks affect the quality or performance of a developed product. In the construction industry, risks can disrupt schedules of projects, as well as resources used in the project. Success of any project within the construction industry relies on the level of risk management that contractors put in place to curb construction risks.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Risk Management in Construction Projects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With increasing construction activities and competition in this industry, there is urgent need to inculcate risk management in the entire construction process. At the same time, no construction project will be risk-free, thus applying ways of preventing and managing them is crucial in avoiding financial losses (Ge ntle 2002). Risk management techniques must start from the initial stage of construction to the final stage, and in the process foresee possible risking factors that can undergo immediate mitigation process. Risk management has procedures that help in final mitigation of risks at all phases of construction. Since construction projects are open systems, there is need to adjust the risk management process to the cooperative environment (Winch 2012). With high variability and riskiness of such projects, this industry ought not to rely on contracts for risk management. The processes are in a sequence, from risk identification to risk monitoring. There are also risk analysis and planning within the mentioned process. With each construction stage presenting different risks, risk management process also changes to match the risk. Risk management at the construction sites is essential in enhancing the overall safety of labourers. Through operations management, managers are able to identify and manage inherent risks within the construction industry (Gunn 2009). Uncertainty arises when the exact outcome of a project is not known, that is, there exist more than one possibility resulting in lack of complete conviction. In this parameter, there are probabilities in a given set of possibilities for occurrence of an event. The research paper discusses the changes in risk management processes at different phases of a project. Besides, the discourse expounds on how risk analysis for a construction project drive decision-making processes under uncertainty conditions at all the phases of a project. Risk management process begins with identification of risks in a construction project. For project managers, setting risk management techniques into stages makes it possible in ensuring that products at each phase meet their purposes. Since many actors are involved in the project phases, contractors have to ensure that a party that has the best corresponding qualifications addresses s uch risks. For any typical project, there are the initiation, planning, implementation and closure phases (Li et al. 2005).Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These stages represent the path a project goes through from commencement to its completion. In meeting the goals and objectives of a project, the contractor, project manager, designer, and owner must have one shared goal at all the phases of construction. Simultaneously, risk management must go together with the outlined phases. At the initiation stage of a project where the outlining of the purpose of a project occurs, risks that associate with identification are unknown. However, possible risks at this phase must be measured against the benefits that the success of a project might have in order to determine whether to select the project or not (Gunn 2009). This stage touches on aims and objectives of the project, c onsultation process, and overall management of the design process. Since this phase is significant in determining the state of future phases, a risk management plan is necessary to mitigate potential risks that may arise (Gentle 2002). For instance, in identifying key stakeholders who intend to finance a construction project, there are possibilities of support withdrawal. This constitutes a risk that concerned parties must have immediate solutions to address the situation, thus avoiding scenarios of project delay as per the schedule. Time, cost, and quality form the framework for eventual evaluation of project risks and performance. In the UK, for instance, the government has allowed clients to consider other sustainability-related parameters (Clayton 2001). With time factor in question, risk management techniques must be in place to help contractors organise and handover the project for commissioning and occupation to respective clienteles. Poorly finished structures present numero us risks to users and the public. Notably, high risking structures imply high premium to insurance companies, which is quite expensive (Bunni 2003). A review of a case study on the construction of a 380-meter steel and concrete bridge by Hidden Critical Paths (HCP) reveals the unique risk management awareness that helped in covering the possible risks. The project manager had no management alternative that could have prevented the hidden risks in the project. In another project, building an 18-storey office tower presented numerous risks in which the HCP Deep Schedule Analysis identified several exit strategies as ways of managing potential risks. The management focused on the identified paths that contained 254 tasks in order to prevent hindrances to timely completion of the project. HCP brainstorms on possible risks that can occur within the schedule, and then formulates a risk mitigation plan that stipulates how to manage too risky situations (Smith 1999). Therefore, project mana gement helps in identifying whether a project is extremely risky in order to put in place necessary mitigation measures in the plan.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Risk Management in Construction Projects specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most risks are not always under the control of project co-ordinators, hence the need for continuous decision-making to address the complex risks. Some of these risks include quality of materials, weather, and labour productivity. In execution of projects, contractors should ensure that the hired labour is productive and are up to the task in order to meet the objectives of the project within the set timeline. Construction projects may fail to realise their purpose due to delays from owner’s interference, financing and payments, and unproductive labour. In addition, slow decision-making, inadequate contractor experience, and improper planning constitute risks that ca n cause delay to project completion or stop the construction process (Vyas 2009). Notably, risk management process at this phase deals in perfectionism and competency among key actors in the construction project. For example, after identifying the possible causes of risks at the initiation stage, there ought to be a guarantee that all actors have competent skills and experience in their respective fields of operation. The aforementioned networks of risks that can cause delays in project completion require adequate preparation to avert negative consequences. According to Chapman (2001), risks determination occurs at early stages of construction, but their effects are visible at the construction and production start-up stages. Risk categorisation puts risks that arise from similar causes in a specific group. Some of the common classifications include political, technical, financial, and logistics. The process of risk management changes with the types and categories of risks that are h ighly likely to occur at a specific phase of construction. With different phases of projects, cooperation in risk management is vital in minimising the total cost of the whole project, as it helps in managing unforeseen risks in the post-contract phases. Close and efficient cooperation help to coordinate and integrate different components of the entire project (Smith 1999). Further, actors cannot foresee all risk items at the planning phase. Risk management processes are iterative, implying that they repeat themselves in the entire life cycle of a project. Since there are high possibilities of making fundamental changes at the initiation phase of a project, execution of a risk management process is strategic. Risk management process helps in ensuring that well-grounded and unbiased decision-making occurs during the entire project development phases. Just like the phases of project development, risk management has three vital processes, which include identifying of risk, estimating t he risk, and risk response planning and implementation. There are also different accessory processes: risk management planning, risk communication, risk ownership enlargement, risk management approach, and risk management control. One has to know the risks in order to device means of managing them.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A study by Hillson (2009) reveals the need to make risk identification process a continuous practice and have iterative rounds in order to meet the expected objectives of the project. Hillson held that identification is the most regularly used risk management element in all the phases of a project. Risk identification and categorisation use modelling, brainstorming, interviews, and analysis of project plans and different scenarios as key methods. After identification of risks, evaluation and ranking occurs in order to prioritise risks for management and effective allocation of resources. Even though the initiation phase of a project seems to be risk-free, there are several tasks on forecasting on possible sources of risk occurrence, which have to take place in order to mitigate the risks. The risk identification stage in risk management process is highly significant in the entire process since the success of other stages rely on this phase. Risk management is presented in a wider un certainty scope, and from different perspectives to assist in identifying all possible causes of risks in a project. In risk identification, there is always a list of all the sources of known unknowns and sources of risk or uncertainty. Clayton (2001) reiterates that the uncertainty perspective approach is the most preferable approach in the risk identification segment given that it does not only determine all possible sources of threats, but also all possible sources of positive risks or opportunities. With increasing changes in the construction environment, there is always unrelenting follow up and frequent updating of the identification list as per the knowledge and comprehension of the project atmosphere. After risk identification, vivid evaluation and estimation in terms of the probability of occurrence and consequence take place. Here, a clear comprehension on the major effects of the risks on the objectives of the project is needed given that several projects have limited amo unt of resources to set aside for risk management forcing concentration on key risks. Estimations on the likelihoods and consequences of risks are highly considered for prioritisation. Although the identified risks do occur across the entire phases of a construction project, identification and evaluation have to take place at the initial stage (Vyas 2009). Risk management processes are mostly applied practically in the execution phase and not at the early stages. However, identification remains concentrated at the initiation phase of the project with fewer instances at the later stages. At this stage, high priority is accorded to reliable and consistent estimates of occurrences and effects. Qualitative and quantitative analysis are applicable in risk assessment, where estimation of risk probability and consequence occurs in simple scales with clearly defined boundaries (Gunn 2009). For example, a scale of values ranging from 1 to 5 helps in classifying risks, with those requiring mo st attention placed under group 1 while the less detectable are classified under group 5. Those risks under category 5 may require prompt action if there are adequate resources. At the same time, action may be necessary if the cost of mitigating the risk is less than the result of possibilities of risk’s occurrence and effect on the goals of the project. A probability impact grid is also essential in helping to compare the impact and probability of risks. Risk mapping helps in giving due attention to risks that are easily detectable and even taking action to control risks that have less impact and probability of occurrence to a project. Probability Since the two discussed risk management processes do not provide sufficient support for the remaining processes, data from these two phases ought to be organised to support interpretation and conception of the risks. Gunn (2009) adds that risk assessment can occur in relating a risk to other risks since such relations can make mino r risks turn out to be more relevant to the entire risk management process. This stage looks into the possibility of one risk causing another risk to rise; this is a risk continuum, which is a cause-and-result-sequence. For effective and efficient risk management, managing risk continuums at all the phases of a construction project is vital. As Gunn (2009) points out, assessments of risk-links have to consider relatively small number of risks given that they have numerous links that can take care of low-probability risks, which may cause more severe risks. The planning phase of a project is where contractors create a set of plans to assist in guiding the project team to the implementation and closure phases of any project. For project managers, this phase is the most challenging, as they have to make estimations on the equipment, resources, and staffs that they need in order to complete their projects. They have to plan their procurement and communication actions by contracting any third party dealers. In essence, project managers use this phase to create clear and comprehensive roadmaps to guide the processes in completing a project. Notably, there are strategic plans that help in guiding project managers in completing projects on time and within the earlier set budget. Several plans are created at this phase. Some of the plans touch on the project, resources, finance, quality, risk, communications, procurement, and performance review. Since projects are dynamic, new risks that remained unidentified in the early phase frequently surface overtime (Chapman 2001). This calls for regular review of the Risk Management Plan (RMP) in order to make alterations and additions. In terms of risk management, a risk plan created at the planning phase of a project helps in further identifying risks and developing a plan to mitigate them. It guides project managers on how to reduce risks completely in any project. In addition, they can monitor and control risks effectively, thus enhancing their chances of attaining success. Just like in the initiation phase, a risk management plan helps in risk identification, risk categorisation, and prioritisation, determination of the probability of occurrence and identification of impacts on a project if the risk occurs. Therefore, the risk plan can be useful to project managers, contractors, and subcontractors in identifying preventative measures that can avert risk from happening, as well as listing contingent processes to follow in reducing the impact in case of risk occurrence. The risk plan also helps contractors to programme the set of actions within an acceptable timeline, as well as check the position of the risks throughout the project life cycle. Evidently, the initiation and planning phase of a project do not involve practical application of risk mitigation procedures, but deal in planning on the possible sources of risk throughout the project and how to counter the risks in order to allow a project achi eve its objectives (Chapman 2001). For quick risk mitigation, actors in a construction project must refer the risk plan regularly. A risk plan boosts chances of success in projects by helping to foresee risks and lessen their effects should they occur. Risk response planning and execution of risk management process takes place at the planning phase of a project, in which it develops options and determines measures of minimising threats and increasing opportunities to the project goals. In risk response planning and execution, there are four options of handling risk, such as avoiding, transferring, mitigating, and accepting. Actors in the construction industry have to plan of how to cope up with risks. The process requires vibrant and communal principles in order to acquire collective responsibility in managing risks. A consistent attitude towards risks ensures that planned and taken undertakings bring expected effects on project risks (Li et al. 2005). Since risk management processe s are iterative and on-going processes, there is need to have effective control over this phase of risk management in order to ensure that the technique is incorporated at the start of the project and monitored to produce the expected results. Li et al. (2005) accentuate the need for teamwork and communication among the actors in a construction project as a way of risk management. To monitor and control the risk management processes, one has to write and check documents, as well as organise for meetings. Since the actual construction begins at the implementation phase, risk management processes at the initiation and planning phases only evaluate the basis of earlier decisions and assess the relevance of assumptions made at the same stages. At the implementation or execution phase of a project, project managers have to ensure that the staffs manage time, risks, quality, and other issues in order to achieve the objectives of projects (Wu 2011). At this phase, risk management process e laborates on necessary steps that actors in a construction project ought to take in implementing risk management. Project execution phase presents the actual point where practical application of the identified risks and mitigation procedures eventuate. In this phase, time management is vital in completing a project within a given timeline, as it helps in monitoring the real progress of a project. As well, there is need to have a rigorous process in dealing with management costs to make sure that the delivered project lies within the earlier set budget. The cost management process helps to keep contractors within budget given that it aids in monitoring and controlling project expenses, hence acting as a mechanism for saving money. Actors in a project use risk register to track risks as they occur. In different stages of construction, a risk register assists in writing down the identified risks and the present status of the dependent actions assigned. The execution phase being the act ion stage, risk process identifies and documents critical and non-critical risks in risk forms. The actors receive notifications on the severity of all the risks, and take necessary steps to lessen the likelihood of risk occurrence. In addition, the risk process outlines all the risk processes in depth, as well as includes a diagram to explain the entire process of risk. It shows ways of identifying, monitoring, and controlling risks, and assists in mitigating risk using finest practice processes (Bunni 2003). Here, project managers compare the project’s position and advancement to the actual plan. Given that this is the actual practical work, project managers can adjust schedules after understanding the environment in order to keep the project on the completion path. Risk monitoring and control assist in executing the risk plan and regularly evaluating the effectiveness of the plan in minimising risks. The process can also help in monitoring allocation of resources that had been pre-planned. Moreover, paying great attention to the process can help in effective decision-making prior to risk occurrence. Clearly, communication with all project stakeholders is indispensable to assess the tolerability of the risk level. The closure phase of a project marks the end of all activities that had been taking place at a construction site. Markedly, the closure begins at the planning phase where there is emphasis on consistent and detailed inspections of all procedures and processes of construction during the entire life cycle of a project (Bunni 2003). For instance, project managers who take proactive approach in supervising activities in the project plan reports limited complaints from customers. Notably, constant inspections ensure that contractors follow the requirements of the project plan, hence incorporating aspects of risk management processes. At this stage, finalisation of contracts that covered all the resources that had been used in the project occurs ( Vyas 2009). Contract closure checks on the project results and financial usage in the project. At the same time, finalisation of all activities that different groups had been engaged in takes place. In case of project failure, project managers have to give a clear subject assessment on the possible causes of failure. This process also gives project managers opportunities to appraise areas of success on the project and recommend ideas applicable to future projects. This phase presents recap of lessons that actors have learned in the whole construction period. In terms of risk management, project managers acquire feedbacks from key actors in the project concerning risks that went unnoticed, risks that received low intervention, and possible risk mitigation procedures that are applicable to future construction projects (Bunni 2003). In this phase, project managers may propose use of alternative risk prevention strategies if the used option did little to change the situation. Numerous a nd necessary adjustments on risk identification, estimation, response planning and implementation occur at this last stage of a project. Manifestly, the closure stage is an integral part of a project lifecycle as it involves documenting the experience gathered during the construction period (Wu 2011). As assessment on the effectiveness and profitability of a project occurs, the risk management processes also go through in-depth reviews. For example, reviews on the effectiveness of risk prevention methods take place at this phase. Additionally, confirmations of whether the risks materialised, and if so, possibilities of upgrading the current prevention technique occur. For risk management, this phase acts as a recapitulation for the effectiveness of the risk identification techniques, estimations, and responses. Recommendations contained in the project completion report help project managers to make necessary adjustments to risk management processes by comparing it to the documents p repared during the initiation and planning phases of the project (Winch 2012). Risk management processes change across the phases of a project from theoretical dimensions to practical applications during the implementation phase of a project. With increasing complexity in designs, owners, architects, contractors, and project managers should fully integrate the concept of risk management in the entire life cycle of projects. Project risk management (PRM) being an integral component of project management helps in cost estimation and schedule. Risk management identifies uncertainty and offers forecasts of probable consequences. Uncertainty is a state of unknown possibilities within a construction project. In recognising uncertainties, analysis of risk during the entire project acts as a positive influence on creativity in decision making for the success of a project. At the initiation phase of a construction project, qualitative risk analysis aids in assessment of the effect and likeli hood of the risk that have been identified (Akintoye Macleod 1997). Risk analysis applies two approaches to gauge the probability of occurrence and the impact of risks on a project. Qualitative and quantitative analysis are applicable in assessing the degree of risk occurrence. Qualitative analysis uses comparable degrees of probability and impact of all risks that have been identified as likely to occur in the phases of a project (Vose 2000). After the assessment, builders, architects, contractors, and designers make decisions on prioritising the lists of the risks for direct prevention. On such uncertainties, the project team evaluates the risks for their probability of occurrence and their effects on the goals of the project. Actors in the construction industry will be able take immediate actions to address urgent risks that can cause great negative impact to the project. Therefore, risk analysis makes it possible for project managers to prioritise risks as per their probability of occurrence (Morgan, Henrion, Small 1990). Decision-making process relies on the risk assessment and overall review of project risks. At the same time, in identifying, describing, and characterising of project risks, contractors are able to decide on the best action path to follow in order to address uncertainties. In addition, risk analysis enables contractors to evaluate actions that can mitigate the identified risks through an iterative process, thus occurring at all points in construction project. In limiting uncertainty, contractors come up with risk register that elaborates on the extent of risks in a project, thus making them move forward in difficult situations due to quick decisions on the risk categories (French 2005). Prioritisation helps actors in the construction industry to make prompt decisions as it provide specific and documented risk proceedings. In uncertain environments, prioritisation assists in making decisions and addressing risk in a direct and deliberate way. Since risks influence project objectives, prioritisation helps project managers to acquire necessary information on project resources. The forecasting technique makes risk analysis vital in making proactive decisions on how to counter impeding risks in order to allow a project attain its objectives. Qualitative analysis provides a prioritised list of risks that actors in the construction industry should work on in order to minimise their effects. From this dimension, qualitative risk analysis eases decision making to architects in mitigating certain risks, as well as providing ways forward of handling other risks after completion of projects. The initiation phase of a construction project in which prioritisation of risks occurs makes it possible for actors in a project to institute proactive actions that verify the causes and impacts of risks (Morgan et al. 1990). Risk analysis in the planning stage of a project helps in forecasting on cost estimates, as it identifies and quan tifies the overall costs through quantitative methods of analysis (Vose 2000). In dealing with uncertainties, risk analysis assist contractors and other key actors in a project put necessary strategies to control cost throughout the life cycle of a project. Risk analysis encompasses risk assessment, risk management, and risk communication; the assessment process touches on identification and evaluation of risks (Smith 2003). At the management stage, actors in the construction industry look into ways of controlling the identified risks, while risk communication tends to keep all the actors informed of all the necessary steps to mitigate the evaluated risks. Using the information acquired from the risk identification stage, actors in a project can make informed decisions to control and prevent risks. At the planning stage, contractors decide on the risks that need mitigation or opportunities that ought to be pursued. The quantitative risk analysis method deals in numerical probability on whether a project may meet its cost and timeline goals. It entails evaluating the effects of all the risks identified in a simultaneous pattern. Smith (2003) contends that using probability theory as a quantitative technique makes it possible for project managers to plan into the future and forecast on possible consequences. In gathering and presenting data on risks that are likely to arise in the entire phases of a project, planners make decisions that limit the overall value of uncertainty. Estimated cost and dates of project completion together with their confidence levels are in the probabilistic analysis of a construction project. In this aspect, discussions on the associated risk and uncertainty in a project help in making appropriate decisions. Uncertainty in the planning phase receives complete attention after determination of the appropriate range to use in possible space outcomes. Notably, it is the risk analysis at the planning phase of a project that gives contractor s the go ahead to continue working on a project. Given that cost and schedule are the most vital risks, actors will have to work together to ensure that there are no mismatch and delays in project completion (Flynn Bellaby 2007). Risk analysis enables contractors and project managers to determine risk acceptability by targeting a certain qualitative threshold for opportunities or mitigation. The process makes it possible for actors in a project to set limits for risk levels and cost effectiveness. After determining the acceptability of a risk, project managers decide to pursue acceptable cost effective strategies in order to limit occurrence of such risk. At the execution phase of a project, actual results of risk analysis begin to come up. With this phase marking the beginning of actual construction, concerned parties in a project devices a cost control methodology that ensures that all project cost are in line with the prior budget estimates. Actual realisation of the uncertainti es and risks occur, with new information helping in expanding or updating the documentation on assessment of impacts and probability of earlier identified risks. Markedly, in the implementation phase, risk valuation takes place along with earned value analyses in order to control project’s overall cost. Earned value processes and risk assessment in this phase assist in making prudent decisions that are highly likely to lower the base marks for risks and costs (Flynn Bellaby 2007). Since risk management processes are continuous throughout the phases of a project, risk assessment helps in providing insights to items of different risk levels, thus aiding in identifying potential origins of variances. With early identification, project managers get adequate time to correct a problem that could have great impact on a project. Here, decision analysis helps in flagging prospective risks that may cause uncertainty at any point in the life cycle of a project. Taking advantage of a pa rticular risk determines appropriate strategies that are applicable from a decision tree analysis. For example, risk analysis using goal tree techniques at the implementation phase of a project assist project managers in understanding the essence of time, possessing accurate data, and acquiring systematic and simple corrective approaches (Bunni 2003). Time as a factor in a project influences decision-making process on the outcome of a project. Parties to a project will be able to have numerous decision-making options in using goal trees that is constructed in a simple and swift manner. With presence of accurate data and ample time, decision-makers can be able to choose among different alternatives on how to come up with new risk management techniques, which are efficient and effective. Decisions that can correct observable variance emanate after in-depth risk analysis. Implementation of such decisions requires continuous monitoring until the completion of a project in order to enhan ce their effectiveness. With high level of uncertainty in construction project management, cost control becomes part of risk analysis to take care of the cost of completing such projects. According to Akintoye and Macleod (1997), decisions made from the outcomes of risk analysis prevent instances of structural defects, fund misappropriation, and even failure of a project from reaching completion. Project managers use risk-based cost control methodology to acquire structured frameworks that helps in making cost control decisions at the initiation, planning and execution phases of a construction project. Using a simulation technique in determining schedules and costs of a project, as well as performing decision analysis, develop a highly cost-effective solution to cost problems. In the closure phase of a project, risk analysis takes a historical perspective given that the actual construction process is over. Actors in a construction project carry out overall review of the entire proje ct occurrences, and propose possible decisions that project managers should make in improving mitigation processes in future projects (Bunni 2003). With displays of risk events from risk profiles, project managers are able to make risk acceptability decisions. Construction project managers can also be able to compare the proportionality link between likelihood of an event and impact on risks. Such comparison helps in handling project’s uncertainties that would have affect one or more objectives of a project. In real life aspect, risk analysis in construction projects helps in making proactive decisions that are not only cost effective, but also life-saving to the actors in the construction sites (Flynn Bellaby 2007). For instance, risk analysis takes into concern the issue of occupational health and safety of people at the construction site, as well as the public. Risk management process in projects remains a significant practice that players in the construction industry mus t inculcate in the entire process of project management. Risks, if not mitigated properly, can cause great harm to the objectives of a project. Project risk management requires collective understanding from the project team in order to help in project risk assessment and uncertainty in order to support effective decisions on project progress and handover. Such decisions do not only take care of the project’s objectives, but also on the safety and wellbeing of the public. With the discussed significance of project risk management, risk management processes ought to take comprehensive approaches to look at projects and carry out assessments and documentation of uncertainty and risks. Risk mitigation process has to follow a sequential procedure in enhancing effectiveness in reducing risks. Therefore, project managers should respond to identified risks basing their actions on risk analysis. Risks that are likely to cause significant consequences on the goals of a project should r eceive maximum effort and attention. Actors in the construction industry should take a wide perception on issues of risk analysis and management processes in order to bring sanity within the construction industry, in terms of risk mitigation. References Akintoye, A. S. Macleod, M. J 1997, ‘Risk analysis and management in Construction’, International Journal of Project Management, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 31-38. Bunni, N. G 2003, Risk and insurance in construction (2nd ed.), Spon Press, London. Chapman, R.J 2001, ‘The controlling influences on effective risk identification and assessment for construction design management’, International Journal of Project  Management, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 147-160. Clayton, C. R 2001, Managing geotechnical risk: improving productivity in UK building and construction, Thomas Telford, London. Flynn, R., Bellaby, P 2007, Risk and the public acceptance of new technologies, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, Hampshire England. French , N 2005, Risk and uncertainty, Emerald Group Publishers, Bradford, England. Gentle, M 2002, The CRM project management handbook building realistic expectations and managing risk, Kogan Page, London. Gunn, S. A 2009, Risk and financial management in construction, Gower, Farnham, England. Hillson, D 2009, Managing Risk in Projects, Ashgate Publishers, Farnham, England. Li, B., Akintoye, A., Edwards, P. J. and Hardcastle, C 2005, The allocation of risk in PPP/PFI construction projects in the UK. International Journal of Project  Management, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 25-35. Morgan, M. G., Henrion, M., Small, M 1990, Uncertainty: a guide to dealing with uncertainty in quantitative risk and policy analysis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Smith, N. J 1999, Managing risk in construction projects, Blackwell Science, Oxford. Smith, N. J 2003, Appraisal, risk and uncertainty, Thomas Telford, London. Vose, D 2000, Risk analysis: a quantitative guide (2nd ed.), Wiley, Chichester. Winch, G. M 2012, Managing Construction Projects (2nd ed.), Wiley, Chichester. Wu, D. D 2011, Modeling risk management in sustainable construction, Springer, Berlin. Vyas, G 2009, Risk Management in construction Industry, Scribd. Web. This assessment on Risk Management in Construction Projects was written and submitted by user Hezekiah Burt to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.